The Indian government has announced rules to implement the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi seeks a rare third term for his Hindu nationalist government.
The controversial law passed in 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government allowed Indian citizenship to non-Muslim refugees from India’s neighbouring countries.
It declared that Hindus, Parsis, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and Christians who fled to Hindu-majority India from mainly Muslim Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan before December 31, 2014, were eligible for citizenship.
The law was declared “anti-Muslim” by several rights groups for keeping the community out of its ambit, raising questions over the secular character of the world’s largest democracy.
Modi’s government had not drafted the rules for the law following nationwide protests over its passage in December 2019.
Violence broke out in the capital, New Delhi, during the protests in which dozens, most of them Muslims, were killed and hundreds injured during days of rioting.
Muslim groups say the law, combined with a proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC), can discriminate against India’s 200 million Muslims – the world’s third-largest Muslim population. They fear the government might remove the citizenship of Muslims without documents in some border states.
The government denies accusations that it is anti-Muslim and has defended the law, saying it is needed to help minorities facing persecution in Muslim-majority nations.
It says the law is meant to grant citizenship, not take it away from anyone, and has called the earlier protests politically motivated.
Human rights groups have alleged that the mistreatment of Muslims has increased under Modi, who took over as prime minister in 2014.
The country, since then, has seen a rising number of attacks against Muslims and their livelihood, including the demolition of Muslim homes and properties.
Cases of mob lynching under the pretext of protecting cows, considered holy by some Hindus, have also increased during Modi’s time in power.
Critics believe the often-armed cow vigilantes, which used to operate on the fringes of society, became mainstream after the BJP took over.
Reports of hate speech against Muslims have also increased in the country, averaging nearly two anti-Muslim hate speech events per day in 2023.
A report revealed that three out of four hate speech incidents occurred in states ruled by the BJP.
